Teori Active dan Pasive Voice

Active sentence (active voice) is a sentence where the subject of his work, by contrast, passivesentence (passive voice) is a sentence where the subject was subjected to the job by the objectof the sentence. Active voice is more often used in daily life compared with the passive voice. However, often we find the passive voice in the newspapers, articles in magazines and scholarlywritings. Passive voice is used because the object of the active voice is more important informationthan his subject.

Example :

• Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
• Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months

From this example we can see that:

1.      Object of the active voice (the soil) becomes the subject of the passive voice

2.      Subject of the active voice (we) became the object of the passive voice. Note also that there is a charge of subject pronoun ‘we’ became the object pronoun ‘us’

3.      Verb1 (fertilize) the active voice becomes verb3 (fertilized) on the passive voice.

4.      He added some 'is' in front verb3. Be used is dependent on the subject of passive voice andtenses used. (Note the passive voice patterns below).

5.      He added the word 'by' behind verb3. However, if the object of the passive voice is considerednot important or unknown, then the object is usually not mentioned and so was the word 'by'.

6.      Especially for progressive sentences (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, and pastperfect continuous future, need to add a 'being' in front verb3). If you did not add "being",tensisnya will change, not a progressive / continuous again. Consider the examples in point h - obelow.

Based on the six points above the passive voice followed the pattern as follows:

Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

The pattern of active and passive voice ineach tense

A. If the active voice in simple present tense, then ‘be’ it is the passive voice is, am or acres

Example:

• Active    : He meets them everyday.
• Passive  : They are met by him everyday.

• Active    : She waters this plant every two days.
• Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days.

B. If the active voice in the simple past tense, then 'be' passive voice it is was or were the resource persons.
Example:

• Active    : He met them yesterday
• Passive  : They were met by him yesterday

• Active    : She watered this plant this morning
• Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning

C.If the active voice in present perfect tense, the 'be' passive voice it is been placed after theauxiliary has or have, so that a 'has been' or 'have been'.
Example:

• Active    : He has met them
• Passive  : They have been met by him
• Active    : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
• Passive  : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

D. If the active voice in the past perfect tence, the ‘be’ passive voice it is been placed after the auxiliary Had, so be Had been.
Example:

• Active    : He had met them before I came.
• Passive  : They had been met by him before I came.

• Active    : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
• Passive  : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

E. If the active voice in the simple future tense, then 'be' passive voice is to be his
   Example:

• Active    : He will meet them tomorrow.
• Passive  : They will be met by him tomorrow.

• Active    : She will water this plant this afternoon.
• Passive  : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

• Active    : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
• Passive  : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

F. If active voice inthe future perfect tense, the 'be' passive voice it is been placed after theauxiliary have earnest, so that the 'will of have been'
Example:

• Active    : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
• Passive  : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.

• Active   : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
• Passive  : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

G. If the active in the past future perfect tense, the ‘be’ passive voice it is been placed after the auxiliary Would have, that it becomes ‘Would have been’

Example:

• Active    : He would have met them.
• Passive  : They would have been met by him.

• Active    : She would have watered this plant.
• Passive  : This plant would have been watered by her.

H. If the active voice in the present continous tense, the ‘be’ passive voice it is (is, am or acre) + being.
Example:

• Active    : He is meeting them now.
• Passive  : They are being met by him now.

• Active    : She is watering this plant now.
• Passive  : This plant is being watered by her now.

I. If the active voice in the past continuous tense, the 'be' passive voice it is (was or were the resource persons) + being.
Example:

• Active    : He was meeting them.
• Passive  : They were being met by him.

• Active    : She was watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant was being watered by her.

J. If the active voice in perfect continous tense, the ‘be’ passive voice it is (has/have) been + being.
Example:

• Active    : He has been meeting them.
• Passive  : They have been being met by him.

• Active    : She has been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant has been being watered by her.

K. If the active voice in the past perfect continous tense, the ‘be’ it is the passive voice Had been + being.

Example:

• Active    : He had been meeting them.
• Passive  : They had been being met by him.

• Active    : She had been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant had been being watered by her.

L. If the active voice in the future continuous tense, the 'be' passive voice it is the will of be +being.
Example:

• Active    : He will be meeting them.
• Passive  : They will be being met by him.

• Active    : She will be watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant will be being watered by her.

M. If the active voice in the past future continous tense, the ‘be’ it is the passive voice would be + being.

Example:

• Active    : He would be meeting them.
• Passive  : They would be being met by him.

• Active    : She would be watering this plant.
• Passive   : This plant would be being watered by her.

N. If the active voice in the future perfect continuous tense, the 'be' passive voice it is the will ofhave been + being.
Example:

• Active    : He will have been meeting them.
• Passive  : They will have been being met by him.

• Active    : She will have been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant will have been being watered by her.

O. If the active voice in the past future perfect continous tense, the ‘be’ passive voice it is Would have been + being.

Example:

• Active    : He would be meeting them.
• Passive  : They would be being met by him.

• Active    : She would be watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant would be being watered by her.

Examples of active and passive sentences:

1. Active: Susi typing this letter yesterday.
  Passive: This letter was typed by Susie yesterday.

2. Active: My cat kills a mouse.
  Passive: A rat was killed by my cat.

3. Active    : He meets them everyday.
  Passive  : They are met by him everyday.

4. Active    : She waters this plant every two days.
  Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days.

5. Active    : He met them yesterday.
  Passive  : They were met by him yesterday.

6. Active    : She watered this plant this morning.
   Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning.

7. Active    : He had met them before I came.
    Passive  : They had been met by him before I came.

8. Active    : She will water this plant this afternoon.

   Passive  : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

Transitive and intransitive verb

What is the difference between the two verbs in the above sentences? At first thought, you may say the definition but forget about the meaning. Instead, concentrate on the grammar. How do the verbs differ grammatically?

Notice that the first sentence has two words following the verb hit. The second sentence doesn’t have words after the verb sang. These two facts lead us to a discussion on transitive and intransitive verbs.

What are transitive verbs?

Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. In the first sentence above, the direct object ball received the action of the verb hit.

Here are some more examples of transitive verbs:

I baked some cookies.

I rode the bicycle.

I moved the chair.

I stitched a quilt.

All of the verbs in the above sentences are transitive because an object is receiving the action of the verb. But what about the sentence “The bird sang.” Is the verb in that sentence a transitive verb? No, in this case the verb sang is an intransitive verb.

What are intransitive verbs?

Intransitive verbs are action verbs but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. Notice there are no words after the verb sang.

More examples of intransitive verbs:

I laughed.

I cried.

The book fell.

The horse galloped.

The sun set.

In all of the above cases the subject is performing the action of the verb and nothing is receiving the action.

What about this sentence?

I walked to the park today.

Is walked transitive or intransitive? Think about the rules. Since walked has words coming after it, the verb must be transitive, right? WRONG! The phrase to the park is a prepositional phrase and today is an adverb. There is no object receiving the action of the verb walked so the verb is intransitive. To recap, a transitive verb must be an action verb plus there must be an object to receive that action.

SOAL TOEFL PASSIVE VOICE

1. _____ were first viewed through telescope by Galileo.
    A. Jupiter has four moons
    B. Jupiter’s four moons
    C. Jupiter surrounded by four moons
    D. Surrounded by four moons, Jupiter

Jawaban : B
Keyword : were first viewed
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat sudah ada kata kerja (verb) jadi kalimat ini hanya membutuhkan subjek. Selain itu kata kerja yang ada (were) adalah kata kerja untuk subjek jamak. Jadi pilihan yang tepat adalah Jupiter’s four moons.

2. In November of 1863, the city of Atlanta _____ during Sherman’s famous “March to the Sea”.
    A. Was completely burned
    B. Completely was burned
    C. It was burned completely
    D. Completely burned it

Jawaban : A
Keyword : the city of Atlanta
Pembahasan : Karena pada soal sudah ada subjek dan kalimat tersebut bermakna pasif, maka jawaban yang paling sesuai adalah was completely burned.

3. The Supreme Court does not hear a case unless _____, except those involving foreign ambassadors.
    A. A trial
    B. Already tried
    C. It already trying
    D. It has already been tried

Jawaban : D
Keyword : unless
Pembahasan : Kata unless harus diikuti klausa. Selain itu dari pola kalimatnya diketahui bahwa kalimat ini merupakan kalimat pasif. Karena itu jawaban yang dibutuhkan adalah it has already been tried.

4. _____ occasions for congratulations.
    A. Birthdays that usually considered
    B. Usually considering birthdays
    C. Birthdays are usually considered
    D. That considered birthdays usually

Jawaban : C
Keyword : occasions
Pembahasan : Kalimat ini merupakan kalimat pasif yang belum ada subjek dan predikatnya. Maka jawaban yang paling sesuai adalah birthdays are usually considered.

5. Electron storage rings _____ in investigations of the structure of materials.
    A. They are used
    B. That are used
    C. Used
    D. Are used

Jawaban : D
Keyword : rings
Pembahasan : Kalimat ini sudah ada subjek yang berbentuk jamak (electron storage rings), karena itu yang dibutuhkan adalah predikat untuk subjek jamak (are used).

http://indoexperimentblog.blogspot.co.id/2011/03/active-dan-pasive-voice.html

http://www.k12reader.com/term/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs/